Pillar 12: Innovation capability

Pillar 12: Innovation capability

What does it capture? The quantity and quality of formal research and development; the extent to which a country’s environment encourages collaboration, connectivity, creativity, diversity and confrontation across different visions and angles; and the capacity to turn ideas into new goods and services.

Why does it matter? Countries that can generate greater knowledge accumulation and that offer better collaborative or interdisciplinary opportunities tend to have more capacity to generate innovative ideas and new business models, which are widely considered the engines of economic growth.

 

12.01 Diversity of workforce

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies have a diverse workforce (e.g. in terms of ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2017–2018 weighted average or most recent period available

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey. For more details, refer to Appendix B of this report.

 

12.02 State of clusters development

Response to the survey question “In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)?” [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields] | 2017–2018 weighted average or most recent period available

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey. For more details, refer to Appendix B of this report.

 

12.03 International co-inventions

 Number of patent family applications with co-inventors located abroad per million population. | 2012–2014 average

Computed as the sum of the patent family applications with at least one co-inventor located abroad, filed in at least two of the major five (IP5) offices in the World: the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Data is extracted from the PATSTAT database by earliest filing date and inventor country, using fractional counts, and expressed in applications per million population. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

 

12.04 Multistakeholder collaboration

Average score of the following three Executive Opinion Survey questions: “In your country, to what extent do people collaborate and share ideas within a company?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]; “In your country, to what extent do companies collaborate in sharing ideas and innovating?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]; “In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)?” [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively] | 2017–2018 weighted average or most recent period available

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey. For more details, refer to Appendix B of this report.

 

12.05 Scientific publications

Score on an index measuring the number of publications and their citations, expressed at the country level. | 2015–2017 average

The H-index measures the number of published papers cited in other papers at least h times. The H-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. Only articles, reviews and conference papers are considered. The document universe is defined by those tracked by Scopus, an abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals, books and conference proceedings. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Source: SCImago.

 

12.06 Patent applications

Total number of patent family applications per million population. | 2012–2014 average

Computed as the sum of the patent family applications filed in at least two of the major five (IP5) offices in the World: the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Data are extracted from the PATSTAT database by earliest filing date and inventor country, using fractional counts, and expressed in applications per million population. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

 

12.07 R&D expenditures

Expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percentage of GDP. | 2015

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge—including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society—and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

 

12.08 Research institutions prominence index

Score on an index that measures the prominence and standing of private and public research institutions. | 2017

The index is computed as the sum of the inverse ranks of all research institutions in a country included in the SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR). A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale. More details about the SIR methodology can be found at https://www. scimagoir.com/methodology.php.

Sources: SCImago; World Economic Forum.

 

12.09 Buyer sophistication

Response to the survey question “In your country, on what basis do buyers make purchasing decisions?” [1 = based solely on the lowest price; 7 = based on sophisticated performance attributes] | 2017–2018 weighted average or most recent period available

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey. For more details, refer to Appendix B of this report.

 

12.10 Trademark applications

Number of trademark applications per million population. | 2014–2016 moving average

Number of international trademark applications issued directly or through the Madrid System by country of origin per million population. The residence of the first-named applicant is used to determine the origin of an application. When there are multiple applicants, only the first one is considered. This indicator is based on the concept of “equivalent count”. That is, an application filed at a regional IP office is counted multiple times according to the number of its members. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)